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How to prevent retractor fatigue during surgery?

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  Retractor Fatigue During Surgery A retractor is a surgical instrument used to hold back or separate tissues during a surgical procedure. It is typically a flat or curved blade with a handle that can be adjusted to various angles. Retractors are commonly used in various types of surgeries, such as abdominal, thoracic, and orthopedic procedures, to provide better visibility and access to the surgical site. They can also be used to hold organs or other structures in place during a procedure. Retractor fatigue during surgery refers to the physical exhaustion that can occur in surgeons when using retractors for prolonged periods of time during an operation. This can lead to decreased precision and increased risk of errors.  Manual retraction, a task performed to expose the surgical site, poses a high risk for musculoskeletal disorders that affect the hands, arms, shoulders, neck, and back(1).   To prevent retractor fatigue, surgeons may take frequent breaks, use assistive devices, or
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Difference between anesthesia machine & ventilation machine

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  An   anaesthetic machine   ( British English ) or   anesthesia machine   ( American English ) is a   medical device   receives medical gases (oxygen, nitrous oxide, air) under pressure and  accurately controls the flow of each  gas individually. A gas mixture of  the desired composition at a define  flow rate is created before a known  concentration of an inhalational  agent vapour is added. Gas and  vapor mixtures are continuously  delivered to the common gas outlet  of the machine, as fresh gas flow  (FGF) , and to the breathing system  and patient . Components of anesthesia machine: It consists of  1.Gas supplier 2. Pressure gauges 3. Pressure regulators (reducing  valves) 4. Flowmeters 5. Vaporizers 6. Common gas outlet 7. A variety of other features, e.g.  high-flow oxygen flush, pressure  relief valve and oxygen supply  f ailure alarm and suction  apparatus 8. Most modern anesthetic  machines or stations incorporate  a circle breathing system.   The machine is commonly used to
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Autoclave principle, working and its types

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Autoclave  principle, working and its types  Steam Sterilizer / Autoclave :    The autoclave is a sealed device (similar to a pressure cooker) that kills microorganisms using saturated steam under pressure .  Principle :   The use of moist heat facilitates the killing of all microorganisms, including heat-resistant endospores which is achieved by heating the materials inside the device at temperatures above the boiling point of water.    Method :   Moist heat in the form of steam under pressure causes the denaturation & coagulation of proteins by following steps . 1.Conditioning :   The usual procedure is to heat at 1.1 kilograms/square centimeter (kg/cm2) [15 pounds/square inch (lb/in.)] steam pressure, which yields a temperature of 121°C. At 121°C, the time of autoclaving to achieve sterilization is generally considered to be 15-20 min, depending on the volume of the load.    2. Exposure : Direct saturated steam contact is the basis of the steam sterilization process. For a s
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